Clinical Information

The principal prostatic androgen is dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Levels of DHT remain normal with aging, despite a decrease in the plasma testosterone, and are not elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia.(1)

Dihydrotestosterone is generated by reduction of testosterone by 5-alpha reductase. Two isoenzymes of 5-alpha reductase have been discovered. Type 1 is present in most tissues in the body where 5-alpha reductase is expressed and is the dominant form in sebaceous glands. Type 2 is the dominant isoenzyme in genital tissues, including the prostate.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA; male-pattern baldness) is a hereditary and androgen-dependent progressive thinning of the scalp hair that follows a defined pattern.(2) While the genetic involvement is pronounced, but poorly understood, major advances have been achieved in understanding the principal elements of androgen metabolism that are involved. DHT may be related to baldness. High concentrations of 5-alpha reductase have been found in frontal scalp and genital skin and androgen-dependent processes are predominantly due to the binding of DHT to the androgen receptor. Since the clinical success of treatment of AGA with modulators of androgen metabolism or hair growth promoters is limited, sustained microscopic follicular inflammation with connective tissue remodeling, eventually resulting in permanent hair loss, is considered a possible cofactor in the complex etiology of AGA.

Available AGA treatment modalities with proven efficacy are oral finasteride, a competitive inhibitor of 5-alpha reductase type 2, and topical minoxidil, an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener that has been reported to stimulate the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in cultured dermal papilla cells.

Currently, many patients with prostate disease receive treatment with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor such as finasteride (Proscar) to diminish conversion of DHT from testosterone.

For more information see Steroid Pathways.